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P1939 【模板】矩阵加速(数列)

一、题目描述

二、解题思路

从题目上来看,知道需要递推求公式,但n<=2e9,我们知道简单递推肯定要挂掉。

所以想到需要一个$O(NlogN)$的算法,递推求式子,线性的还不行,联想到矩阵快速幂。

$$\large \begin{bmatrix}f_{x-3} & f_{x-2} & f_{x-1} \end{bmatrix} \times \begin{bmatrix} a&b &c \ d&e &f \ g&h &i \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}f_{x-2} & f_{x-1} & f_{x} \end{bmatrix}



$\therefore$
$\large f_{x-3} \times a+f_{x-2}\times d + f_{x-1}\times g =f_{x-2}$
$\large f_{x-3} \times b+f_{x-2}\times e + f_{x-1}\times h =f_{x-1}$
$\large f_{x-3} \times c+f_{x-2}\times f + f_{x-1}\times i =f_{x}$

对比观察得到:
$a=0,d=1,g=0$
$b=0,e=0,h=1$
$c=1,f=0,i=1$

得到
$$m=\begin{bmatrix}
0& 0 & 1 \\ 
1& 0 & 0 \\ 
0& 1 & 1 
\end{bmatrix}$$

而初始化矩阵$b=\begin{bmatrix} f_{1}& f_{2} & f_3 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} 1&1&1 \end{bmatrix}$

**递推式**:
$\large b=\begin{bmatrix}f_{x-2}& f_{x-1} & f_x  \end{bmatrix}=
\begin{bmatrix}f_{1}& f_{2} & f_3  \end{bmatrix} \times 
\begin{bmatrix}
0& 0 & 1 \\ 
1& 0 & 0 \\ 
0& 1 & 1 
\end{bmatrix}^{n-3}
$

**答案**:
$\large b[0][2]$

$Code$
```cpp {.line-numbers}
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define int long long
#define endl "\n"
const int MOD = 1e9 + 7;
const int N = 4;
int n;

// 矩阵乘法
void mul(int a[][N], int b[][N], int c[][N]) {
    int t[N][N] = {0};
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
        for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
            for (int k = 0; k < N; k++)
                t[i][j] = (t[i][j] + (a[i][k] * b[k][j] % MOD)) % MOD;
    memcpy(c, t, sizeof t);
}

void solve() {
    int b[N][N] = {1, 1, 1}, m[N][N] = {0};
    m[0][2] = m[1][0] = m[2][1] = m[2][2] = 1;

    for (int i = n - 3; i; i >>= 1) {
        if (i & 1) mul(b, m, b);
        mul(m, m, m);
    }

    printf("%lld\n", b[0][2]);
}

signed main() {
    int T;
    cin >> T;
    while (T--) {
        cin >> n;
        if (n <= 3) {
            printf("1\n");
            continue;
        }
        solve();
    }
}

```